The Pandemic’s Effect on Colorectal Cancer 

The importance of documenting COVID-19 within cancer registries and understanding the pandemic’s effects across various cancer sites has been previously highlighted in this column. Among these, colorectal cancer (CRC) was especially noteworthy where a reduction in screening activities—from 28% to 100%—was reported in different countries and at different times after the onset of the pandemic. This decline was also reflected in the National Cancer Database (NCDB), one of the world’s largest cancer registries, which reported a 14.4% decrease in cancer diagnosis during the pandemic’s first year. 

To understand the initial impact of the pandemic on CRC presentation, a recent study relied on NCDB data, hypothesizing a notable rise in advanced-stage CRC diagnoses in 2020, including a higher prevalence of metastatic disease than in prior years. A key contributor to this trend was the widespread cancellation of elective surgical procedures due to the pandemic. Globally, more than 21 million surgeries were estimated to have been cancelled during the early months of 2020, largely out of concern for patient and staff safety. Unfortunately, despite guidance from governments and surgical societies urging that oncological curative surgeries should proceed whenever possible, many patients still faced treatment delays. 

These delays had a measurable impact. NCDB data revealed that although the pandemic had a substantial impact on the stage of presentation of malignancies, this impact was not experienced equally across the U.S. population. Black patients and those without insurance or covered by Medicaid were disproportionately affected, presenting more frequently with advanced-stage disease. Additionally, there was a clear inverse relationship between annual income and disease stage at diagnosis for colon cancer, with lower-income individuals more likely to be diagnosed at later stages. 

Racial and socioeconomic disparities in CRC outcomes are longstanding and well-documented. Black patients, for example, typically present at more advanced disease stages and experience worse outcomes. Income related barriers often limit access to healthcare services, making individuals less likely to undergo curative surgery or receive specialized care. The pandemic only deepened these inequities, further delaying care for already underserved populations. 

In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a measurable increase in the incidence of advanced-stage CRC at presentation, disproportionately impacting vulnerable communities. This trail of advanced disease will impact the healthcare system for years. Future preparedness requires targeted strategies to reduce the time from symptom onset to screening and ensure equitable access to care, especially for socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals. 

One limitation of the study was its scope, capturing only the initial impact of the first nine months of the pandemic on CRC. To assess its true and lasting effects, a new analysis that incorporates 2021 through 2025 data will be essential to provide a more comprehensive understanding of its impact. This will be a wonderful opportunity for our ODS community to become involved in this work!

Shifting Trends in Anal Cancer

Anal cancer is on the rise in the United States, with the most significant increases occurring among older women—particularly white and Hispanic women over age 65. This emerging trend challenges long-held assumptions about who is considered "high risk" and who should be screened.

Although the exact causes of this rise remain uncertain, one likely factor is that many older women were beyond the recommended age when the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine became widely available. Given that HPV is responsible for about 90% of anal cancer cases, this gap in vaccination coverage may be contributing to increased risk in this population.

Using data from the National Cancer Institute’s SEER database (2017–2021), researchers found:

• Overall, anal cancer rates rose 2.9% in women and 1.6% in men during the five-year study period.
• Among white women over 65, rates increased 4.3% annually, reaching 11.4 cases per 100,000 by 2021.
• If this trend continues, anal cancer incidence in this group could double in less than 17 years.
• Hispanic women over 65 had the second-highest rate—7.5 cases per 100,000—with a 1.7% annual increase.

Though anal cancer is still considered rare—comprising about 1% of all gastrointestinal cancers—these findings highlight an urgent need to reevaluate screening strategies. Current guidelines prioritize high-risk groups such as individuals with HIV, bone marrow transplant recipients, and others with compromised immune systems. Older women are not yet included, despite growing evidence that they may be at increasing risk.

This is where cancer registrars play a vital role.

The insights gained from cancer registry data—and the dedication of Oncology Data Specialists—are helping to uncover important shifts in cancer incidence, identify at-risk populations, and inform the future of screening and prevention.

Tumors

When we think of aggressive cutaneous malignancies, melanoma is often the primary focus. However, the Merkel cell tumor is an additional neoplasm that appears less frequently in abstract accessions.

A recent comparative study using SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) data from 2000 to 2021 examined the epidemiology and malignant behavior of both Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and melanoma in patients aged 20 and older. The analysis covered case diagnoses, anatomical locations, risk factors, and survival outcomes.

Key findings:

• From 2000 to 2021, 19,444 cases of MCC and 646,619 cases of melanoma were recorded.
• A vast majority of both cancers were diagnosed in non-Hispanic White individuals: 90% of MCC cases and 95% of melanomas.
• Age at diagnosis differed significantly:
  • Over 70% of MCC cases occurred in patients aged 70 and older.
  • Only 37% of melanomas occurred in that same age group.
• Tumor location also varied:
  • 46% of MCCs arose in the head-and-neck region, compared to 22% of melanomas.
  • Among non-Hispanic White individuals, ambient UV radiation was more strongly associated with melanomas of the head and neck.

Survival and disease progression:

• Cancer-specific survival rates:
  • For MCC: 5-year survival was 69%, and 10-year survival was 66%.
  • For melanoma: 5-year survival was 90%, and 10-year survival was 86%.
• Localized disease at diagnosis:
  • 55% of MCC tumors were localized, compared to 78% of melanomas.
• Cancer-specific mortality:
  • 25% (3,686 individuals) with MCC and 10% (50,691 individuals) with melanoma died of the disease.
• Importantly, survival improved in both groups after 2011, coinciding with the introduction of BRAF inhibitors and immune checkpoint therapies.

This type of valuable comparison is made possible thanks to robust cancer registry data—and the dedication of Oncology Data Specialists who ensure its accuracy and completeness.